polis: a collective blog about cities worldwide
graffiti

Revisiting Street Art in Milan

by Vivien Park


Graffiti at 18 Via Conchetta in Milan, 1992.

In the early 1990s, Alberto Boido started taking pictures of graffiti in the streets of Milan. He now returns, twenty years later, to photograph each site from the same angle. Some paintings are still visible, while others have been completely covered.


The same wall at 18 Via Conchetta, 2012.

Boido posts the before and after shots to a site called the "Old Walls Project," a tribute to the changing walls that have inspired him over the years. He also plots each location on an interactive map.

For anyone who's noticed the same graffiti in Milan, Boido's site offers a chance to retrieve these memories. Even for those of us who haven't seen the paintings, his pictures vividly highlight changes in the urban fabric over time.

Credits: Photos by Alberto Boido.

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Tagging the Megalopolis: Pixação in Sao Paulo

by Sergio Franco

In Sao Paulo, Brazil, a defiant synthesis of aesthetics and ethics has developed around the practice of Pixação. With roots in hip-hop culture, Pixação refers to writing one's name or alias on a visible surface without permission (a.k.a. tagging). It feeds on suppression by municipal authorities. Pixadores place their lives at risk to defy legal and spatial impediments, reaching the highest towers in the menacing metropolis.



Pixadores operate on an ethical code similar to that of soccer associations, motorcycle couriers and crime networks around the margins of Sao Paulo. However, it is not violent or involuntary. The code is known as LHP, which stands for Loyalty, Humility, Procedure — loyalty to the group without oppressive obligation; humility and restraint without subservience; and adherence to tactical procedures attuned to context.



Pixação offers each practitioner a tool to mark their identity and claim their right to the city. It is a form of resistance to social invisibility imposed by those who see them as inferior. Pixadores become notorious for traversing boundaries, including the walls of fortified residential enclaves. Few Sao Paulo residents personally know Tchencho and Di, but almost everyone knows of their existence through the markings they leave around the city.



Pixadores are not just claiming their existence. For these young people, Pixação is an opportunity to escape the entrapment of spatial, social and mental "ghettoization." It affirms that they have no fear of moving through the city, even in the face of violent repression.

Sergio Franco is a sociologist, educator and curator with 10 years of experience in the cultural industries of Brazil. Sergio’s work focuses on developing a cultural connection between Brazil and France, with research focusing on the evolution of graffiti in Sao Paulo. He has contributed to Zero-Quatre and is a UNESCO consultant working in Brazil's Historic Artistic Patrimony National Institute (IPHAN). This article was translated from Portuguese by Hector Fernando Burga.

Credits: Illustrations of Brazilian Pixadores by Paulo Ito (2010).

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‘Calligraffiti’ on Found Maps of Cities

by Vivien Park


Graffiti-calligraphy by Jurne on a found map of Paris.

Bay Area graffiti artist Jurne has been creating large public art throughout North America and Europe since the late 1990s. "Portrait of Oakland | Jurne" (below), a short film by Lea Bruno, offers an enchanting view into his life and work.



Jurne’s recent paintings blend geometric abstraction, calligraphy and traditional graffiti letterforms on found vellum maps. The result is a unique form of writing within writing.

Keys to the City,” a solo exhibition of Jurne’s map-based paintings, will be on view from Nov. 10 to Dec. 1 at Klughaus Gallery in New York City.

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Landscape Architecture Typology in Chalk

by Hector Fernando Burga



A visit to the landscape architecture studio at UC Berkeley’s College of Environmental Design reveals a wall filled with pedagogical graffiti. The anonymous markings, organized along different horizon lines and unified under a common scale, depict a series of garden and climate typologies — a pictorial lesson on the craft of landscape architecture. A tagline on the side adds: Handy Pocket Edition!



Each drawing is based on a sectional study illustrating an intricate play of architectural and natural elements based on four categories: topography, air current, shade and water. The markings were made with classroom chalk on an unfinished concrete surface. Each vignette captures the imagination of the viewer as to what it would be like to repose and reflect inside those spaces. The following is a thematic outline of the drawings with photographed samples. Enjoy!

I. Infrastructures in which topography is the primary feature

I. Earth seats
II. Grottos
III. Subterranean rooms
IV. Cryptoportici
V. Boscos
VI. Pineta













II. Infrastructures in which air current is the primary feature

I. Hot seats
II. Warm walks
III. Sunlit terraces
IV. Warm loggias
V. Courtyards
VI. Giardini segreti
VII. Limonaias















III. Infrastructures in which shade is the primary feature

I. Cool seats
II. Cool walks
III. Shady tunnels
IV. Arbors and pergolas
V. Garden pavilions and summer houses
VI. Interior porches and cool rooms













IV. Infrastructures in which water is the primary feature

I. Water catchment devices
II. Placid water devices
III. Active water devices
IV. Aerated water devices
V. Wet walks
VI. Water jokes













Credits: Photos by Hector Fernando Burga.

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Street Artists of Salvador: TarcioV

by Carly Fox, Eder Muniz and Sosseh Valentine Taimoorian



TarcioV is an artist based in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil. He rarely discusses his life and work but agreed to a brief interview as part of the Street Artists of Salvador series. The following is a sampling of his thoughts and images.

When people ask about your work, how do you answer?

My work is based on the power and expression of human figures in relation to the space they occupy. On every wall, or whatever other surface, I try to offer people a chance to reflect and let go of conventional impressions about the space.



Can you tell us about how you got started doing street art?

Around the late 1990s, I always used to draw on the way to school. I saw graffiti in the street and tried to imitate it — artists like Verme and Eder Muniz, who later invited me to paint with them.

What are your artistic inspirations?

The people have been my biggest inspiration, and I have a strong connection with faith, as well as Afro-Brazilian stories and legends that tell the history of where I live.



Why do you gravitate towards black-and-white color schemes?

I use black and white mainly because of my experience with drawing in pencil and pen. I'm also interested in its graphic contrast, its connection with the written word, photos from the past and historic engravings.

What do you try to convey to the people who see your work?

I hope they can pass through my universe and feel a wealth of things beyond aesthetics.



What motivates you to work so often with a collective of other artists?

I collaborate with artists I identify with, those who I have a relationship with because we share histories. Our works play off one another. Together they take on a different life.

How would you describe the future of street art in Salvador?

Street art in Salvador has conquered many things at its own pace. I believe its time is yet to come, but we are ready.

This is the fourth chapter of a series on street artists in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil, a collaboration between Salvadoran graffiti artist Eder Muniz and independent researcher Carly Fox, with assistance from Sosseh Valentine Taimoorian of Polis. Each chapter offers a brief introduction to an artist from Salvador based on an extensive collection of interviews, testimonials and photos. Carly and Eder are compiling this material into a book in English and Portuguese.

Credits: Photos from TarcioV.

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Street Artists of Salvador: Rebeca Silva

by Carly Fox, Eder Muniz and Sosseh Valentine Taimoorian


Mixed media: spray, acrylic and pen on wood (2011).

Art has accompanied Rebeca Silva through life since infancy. As a child she lived in Itabuna, a town in the interior of Bahia, Brazil. Her seamstress grandmother and cabinet-maker grandfather were her role models, teaching her to reinvent the world through her work.


Left: Point, line and paint (2010). Right: Paint and embroidery on fabric (2010).

After graduating from the Federal University of Bahia's School of Fine Arts, Rebeca decided to devote herself to painting, woodcutting, sewing, toy art and storytelling.


Paint and embroidery on fabric (2010).

Upon moving to Salvador, Rebeca found her place in the urban world through graffiti, an important part of her development as an artist. She realized that her art could not be separated from life experience, and that graffiti offered a way of combining the two.


Rebeca at work in Salvador.

The path of Rebeca's artwork, both on and off the streets of Salvador, is on display at her frequently updated photostream.

This is the third chapter of a series on street artists in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil, a collaboration between Salvadoran graffiti artist Eder Muniz and independent researcher Carly Fox, with assistance from Sosseh Valentine Taimoorian of Polis. Each chapter offers a brief introduction to an artist from Salvador based on an extensive collection of interviews, testimonials and photos. Carly and Eder are compiling this material into a book in English and Portuguese.

Credits: Photos from Rebeca Silva.

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Collecting Graffiti Messages in Quito

by Jordi Sánchez-Cuenca



Alex Ron, author of "Quito: Una Ciudad de Grafitis" and "Historias de Aerosol," collects graffiti messages to recreate the social imaginary behind anonymous urban poets. In his books, he reveals the lyrical and insurgent value of graffiti, explaining that they "transgress a social order, ideological and linguistic. They are spatial digressions, messages that break with the daily routine... executed furtively, in the most silent and long-lasting moment of the night. The graffiti creator knows the risk and at the same time depends on risk, the art is in the furtiveness and constance of these aerosol creatures."

These are some pieces from his Quito collection:

When I commit suicide I wake up in Quito.

11:21pm, the guardian sleeps, the city manufactures insomnia and I THINK of you...

We are the customs of what will never happen.

Thank God that birds continue shitting on the statues.

Help the police: Torture yourself!

Helmet is a military hat that is idea-proof.

Let's reestablish the disorder.

When will the quaternary period end?

If this wall is the limit of your property, let us decorate your limitations. [below]



Forget what you dreamt of, your dreams have already been sold.

Proletarian of all countries: UNITE (this is the final call).

I consume, you consume, he consumes, we consume, they consume us. [in front of a Burger King]

Rich country of poor people, poor country of the rich.

We live the hangover of an orgy in which we never participated.

Zoociety, where are you going?

The more you fear the more you consume.

Stop looking for paradise, yesterday I burned it.

Che Gevara: God of the atheists.

Don't use condoms, AIDS and abortion are divine mandates.

We're not equilateral, let's give the rules away.

"Marx does not exist." Source: God

Dont kill ideals, they are an endangered species.

Don't loose your life earning it.

Trying to run away I found this wall.



Credits: Images from Quito: Una Ciudad de Grafitis.

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Street Artists of Salvador: Dimak

by Carly Fox, Eder Muniz and Sosseh Valentine Taimoorian



“We don’t live off graffiti. We live for graffiti. Graffiti doesn’t sustain us. We sustain graffiti. We have to keep graffiti alive. It’s the essence that we can’t let die.”

— Dimak
Dimak is one of Salvador's “old school” graffiti artists. He has been doing pichacão (tagging) and murals for the past 15 years. His passion and imagination have helped him reach his life goals, and he has recently experimented with other forms of visual expression, including painting on canvas, illustration and tattooing.

As a child, Dimak would accompany his mother from the periphery into the heart of the city, where he could gaze upon the pichação in streets and alleyways. Among the many talented graffiti artists in Salvador, Asa and Cegonha especially captured his attention. Dimak began tagging in 1994 and met Grude, Rato, Soneca (from the PLB crew); Tom, Thor, Siri (PPL); and Marcelinho (GPCF). Dimak acknowledges that pichação is an “expression of the streets,” but he found it limiting and wanted to do more. “I already drew, so as time went by I started to get to know graffiti.”



Dimak decided to pursue a career as an artist while spending two years in Itabuna, a Bahian city south of Salvador. Working a mundane job that had nothing to do with art, he was unable to live the life he had envisioned for himself. He returned to Salvador in 2000 and decided to dedicate himself to art. “Whoever is going to be by my side is going to have to understand my situation, because I want to live by my art. Whoever doesn’t want to live like this won’t be a part of my life.”

When he returned from Itabuna he began to study in the fine arts department of the Federal University of Bahia, only to quit after one semester. “Hey, college is awesome; you learn art, cool, the support you get is essential. But the people who are controlling the university today don’t value the artist. They don’t give you freedom to create. You’re always after the grade. The university is good for certain people, and I respect those who like it and finish, but it wasn’t my thing.”



Dimak creates characters with intricate and deformed facial expressions. He describes his style as “aggressive" and "tense,” forcing the public to wonder what the character is thinking or feeling. “There are things you see everyday that make you feel anguish, emotionally torn apart, beat up," he said. "Without being obvious, I want to put out the things that are causing me anguish.”

Experience with intense migraines has fueled Dimak's work. “For me, the migraine crisis is the same thing as social inequality. Migraines are the same thing as violence. Migraines are the same thing as if you lose everything in your life; if a flood takes everything, you’re robbed of everything. Using red shows your indignation with society.”



Dimak communicates non-verbally through his characters' expressions. “I like the expression of hands. The gesture of hands, for me, is communication without words.” This is especially important for graffiti artists, as it is always a challenge to attract the attention of people passing by.



According to Dimak, there isn’t enough appreciation, value or space for art in Salvador. “The city is big; the work we should be doing should be big. People don’t understand that graffiti is contemporary art. It’s still not in people’s conscience.”

He criticizes graffiti artists who only paint for high-profile events, preferring those who go out on their own to the corners of Salvador and find “a wall that’s dirty, where you’ll appreciate the work and you’re not going to paint for everyone. You’re going to paint because you want to, for pleasure.”

Demak encourages graffiti artists in Salvador to push each other to grow and raise the bar. “As long as we don’t stop, we’ll continue to be a reference for the up-and-coming artists."


Portuguese Version
“A gente não vive do graffiti, a gente vive por graffiti. O graffiti não sustenta nós é que sustentamos graffiti. Nós temos que manter ele vivo. É a essência que a gente não pode deixar apagar.”

— Dimak


Dimak é um dos mais experientes grafiteiros de Salvador – tem mais que 15 anos pichando, bombardeando e grafitando as ruas. Sua personalidade é forte, suas idéias são muito claras e tem conseguido alcançar suas metas. Além do graffiti, tem se aventurado recentemente em outras formas de expressão visual, como pintura em tela, ilustração (manual e digital) e tatuagem.

Quando era menino, saía com a mãe da periferia rumo à cidade só para poder ver as pichações. Não havia muitas nessa época, porém Asa e Cegonha, em particular, chamaram sua atenção. Em 1994, começou a pichar e conheceu Grude, Rato, Soneca (PLB), Tom, Thor, Siri (PPL) e Marcelinho (GPCF). Ele descreve a pichação como “uma expressão da rua”, mas, “como eu já desenhava, eu comecei sentir limitações de expressividade na pichação. O tempo foi passando e eu conheci o graffiti.”



O momento crucial para a decisão de Dimak de viver da arte foi ao retornar de uma estadia de dois anos em Itabuna. “Fui la só para trabalhar, nada a ver com arte. Bater cartão, não poder ter uma vida que eu quero, não ter que dar satisfação a ninguém.” Quando voltou para Salvador, em 2000, decidiu se dedicar exclusivamente à arte. “Eu não vou trabalhar mais para ninguém. Dê o que der, eu vou pagar um preço. Quem quiser ficar a meu lado tem que entender minha situação, porque eu quero viver de arte. Quem não quer ter essas condições, não vou levar em minha vida.”

De volta a Salvador, Dimak entrou para a Faculdade de Belas Artes da UFBA, mas viu que a faculdade não era para ele. “A faculdade é bala, velho. A base, a essência é de foder, mas as pessoas que estão tomando conta da faculdade hoje em dia desmerecem o artista. Não dão liberdade para você se criar. Você corre atrás de uma nota, você não pode desenvolver um trabalho autoral. E é muito pouco tempo para você. Tem ótimos professores, eu gostei. Dou o maior apoio aos que se enquadram no perfil da faculdade e conseguem terminar, mas não foi a minha onda.”

Dimak tem o desejo de criar e recriar seus personagens, agregando expressividade e deformidade. Gosta de inserir uma carga emocional em suas criações, e descreve seu estilo como “agressivo, tensionado”, forçando o público a se questionar sobre o que o personagem está pensando ou sentindo. “Porque tem coisas que você vê no cotidiano, a gente fica angustiado, fica emocionalmente abatido, nos abala. Eu não quero ser óbvio. Quero botar o que me está fazendo sentir angustiado.” No passado, Dimak sofria de enxaqueca, uma condição que ele emprega em sua arte para ilustrar suas emoções. “ Para mim, a crise de enxaqueca é a mesma coisa que a crise de desigualdade social. A crise de enxaqueca é a mesma coisa que a violência. A crise de enxaqueca é a mesma coisa de você perder tudo na sua vida, te roubarem tudo. Então, aquele avermelhado aqui é a indignação com a sociedade. As personagens tensionadas, angustiadas.” Dimak também gosta exagerar os lábios, o nariz, os traços mais negroides, africanos. “Não pela cor, mais pela expressão. A mão, gosto muito a expressão das mãos, também. São coisas que transmitem. O gesto da mão é uma forma de comunicação sem a palavra.”



Na opinião de Dimak, não há apreço, valorização ou espaço suficientes para a arte em Salvador. “A cidade é grande, então tem que fazer trabalhos grandes. Mas não tem espaço nem mercado para a arte. As pessoas não estão entendendo que o graffiti é arte contemporânea. Ainda não está na consciência das pessoas.”

Ele critica um padrão atual em que “a maioria dos grafiteiros só pintam em evento, não um muro manjado, um muro mais escondido, uma coisa que você vai agregar ao seu trabalho, não vai pintar para todo mundo, vai pintar porque é sua onda. São poucos que pintam assim.”

Seu desejo é que os grafiteiros em Salvador se inspirem para pintar e para crescer juntos. “Se a gente vai continuar trabalhando de forma séria (poucas pessoas estão procurando trabalhar de uma forma séria), não parar, vamos acabar sendo referência para os que estão chegando. Só se a gente não parar.”

This is the third chapter of a series on street artists in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil, a collaboration between Salvadoran graffiti artist Eder Muniz and independent researcher Carly Fox, with assistance from Sosseh Valentine Taimoorian of Polis. Each chapter offers a brief introduction to an artist from Salvador based on an extensive collection of interviews, testimonials and photos. Carly and Eder are compiling this material into a book in English and Portuguese.

Credits: Photos from Dimak.

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